Wondering what is a noun? They are a person, place or thing, but can be a bit more in-depth than that. Make understanding easy with noun explanations. Nouns are words that refer to people, places, and things. Most grade school students can tell you this. But the study of nouns gets a little more complex. There are many types of nouns such as common and proper, singular and plural, and abstract and concrete. It is helpful to know these distinctions when studying language. But this is not true for the word endings of all nouns. For example, the noun 'spoonful' ends in -ful, but the adjective 'careful' also ends in -ful. Position in sentence. We can often recognise a noun by its position in the sentence. Nouns often come after a determiner (a determiner is a word like a, an, the, this, my, such): a relief; an. Hi students and families,Looks like we are able to attend school tomorrow. Solve confusing noun issues with edHelper's comprehensive and dynamic noun unit. Inventive and fun take home books, no prep homework books, puzzles, and workbooks and worksheets.
In the Finnish sentence Yöt ovat pimeitä 'Nights are dark', each word referring to the plural noun yöt 'nights' ('night' = yö) is pluralized (night-PL is-PL dark-PL-partitive).
Exceptions
Sometimes, grammatical number will not represent the actual quantity. For example, in Ancient Greek neuter plurals took a singular verb. The plural form of a pronoun may also be applied to a single individual as a sign of importance, respect or generality, as in the pluralis majestatis, the T-V distinction, and the generic 'you', found in many languages, or, in English, when using the singular 'they' for gender-neutrality.
Collective nouns
A collective noun is a word that designates a group of objects or beings regarded as a whole, such as 'flock', 'team', or 'corporation'. Although many languages treat collective nouns as singular, in others they may be interpreted as plural. In British English, phrases such as the committee are meeting are common (the so-called agreement in sensu 'in meaning', that is, with the meaning of a noun, rather than with its form). The use of this type of construction varies with dialect and level of formality.
Types of number
Singular versus plural
In most languages with grammatical number, nouns, and sometimes other parts of speech, have two forms, the singular, for one instance of a concept, and the plural, for more than one instance. Usually, the singular is the unmarked form of a word, and the plural is obtained by inflecting the singular. This is the case in English: car/cars, box/boxes, man/men. There may be exceptional nouns whose plural is identical to the singular: one fish / two fish.
Collective versus singulative
Some languages differentiate between a basic form, the collective, which is indifferent in respect to number, and a more complicated derived form for single entities, the singulative, for example Japanese and some Brythonic languages. A rough example in English is 'snowflake', which may be considered a singulative form of 'snow' (although English has no productive process of forming singulative nouns, and no singulative modifiers). In other languages, singulatives can be productively formed from collective nouns; e.g. Standard Arabic حجر ḥajar 'stone' → حجرة ḥajarā '(individual) stone', بقر baqar 'cattle' → بقرة baqarā '(single) cow'
Dual number
The distinction between a 'singular' number (one) and a 'plural' number (more than one) found in English is not the only possible classification. Another one is 'singular' (one), 'dual' (two) and 'plural' (more than two). Dual number existed in Proto-Indo-European, persisted in many of the now extinct ancient Indo-European languages that descended from itSanskrit, Ancient Greek and Gothic for exampleand can still be found in a few modern Indo-European languages such as Icelandic and Slovene language. Many more modern Indo-European languages show residual traces of the dual, as in the English distinctions both versus all and better versus best.
Many Semitic languages also have dual number.
Trial number
The trial number is a grammatical number referring to 'three items', in contrast to 'singular' (one item), 'dual' (two items), and 'plural' (four or more items). Tolomako, Lihir and Tok Pisin (though only in its pronouns) have trial number.
There is a hierarchy between number categories: No language distinguishes a trial unless having a dual, and no language has dual without a plural (Greenberg 1972).
Some languages, such as Latvian, have a nullar form, used for nouns that refer to zero items. Other languages use either the singular or the plural form for zero. English, along with the other Germanic languages and most Romance languages, uses the plural. French normally uses the singular, instead.
Distributive plural
Distributive plural number, for many instances viewed as independent individuals (e.g. in Navajo).
In most languages, the singular is formally unmarked, whereas the plural is marked in some way. Other languages, most notably the Bantu languages, mark both the singular and the plural, for instance Swahili (see example above). The third logical possibility, rarely found in languages, is unmarked plural contrasting with marked singular.
Elements marking number may appear on nouns and pronouns in dependent-marking languages or on verbs and adjectives in head-marking languages.
English
(dependent-marking)Western Apache
(head-marking)Paul is teaching the cowboy.Paul idilohí yiłchígóaah.Paul is teaching the cowboys.Paul idilohí yiłchídagóaah.
In the English sentence above, the plural suffix -s is added to the noun cowboy. In the Western Apache, a head-marking language, equivalent, a plural prefix da- is added to the verb yiłchígóaah 'he is teaching him', resulting in yiłchídagóaah 'he is teaching them' while noun idilohí 'cowboy' is unmarked for number.
Number particles
Plurality is sometimes marked by a specialized number particle (or number word). This is frequent in Australian and Austronesian languages. An example from Tagalog is the word mga: compare bahay 'house' with mga bahay 'houses'. In Kapampangan, certain nouns optionally denote plurality by secondary stress: ing laláki 'man' and ing babái 'woman' become ding láláki 'men' and ding bábái 'women'.
Conclusion
We have investigated the noun, the main part of speech in English grammar. We chose the noun as the theme of our course work because we interested in it. We used different kind of references to investigate the noun. Nouns can be classified further as count nouns, which name anything that can be counted (four books, two continents, a few dishes, a dozen buildings); mass nouns (or non-count nouns), which name something that can't be counted (water, air, energy, blood); and collective nouns, which can take a singular form but are composed of more than one individual person or items (jury, team, class, committee, herd). We should note that some words can be either a count noun or a non-count noun depending on how they're being used in a sentence. Whether or not a noun is uncountable is determined by its meaning: an uncountable noun represents something which tends to be viewed as a whole or as a single entity, rather than as one of a number of items which can be counted as individual units. Singular verb forms are used with uncountable nouns. Uncountable nouns are substances, concepts etc that we cannot divide into separate elements. We cannot 'count' them. For example, we cannot count 'milk'. We can count 'bottles of milk' or 'litres of milk', but we cannot count 'milk' itself.We usually treat uncountable nouns as singular. We use a singular verb. Countable nouns are easy to recognize. They are things that we can count. For example: 'pen'. We can count pens. We can have one, two, three or more pens.We cannot say that it is finished investigation of this theme, because we are going to continue its investigation in our diploma work.
Bibliography
- Beard, R. (1992) Number. In W. Bright (ed.) International Encyclopedia of Linguistics.
- Corbett, G. (2000). Number. Cambridge University Press.
- Greenberg, Joseph H. (1972) Numeral classifiers and substantival number: Problems in the genesis of a linguistic type. Working Papers on Language Universals (Stanford University) 9. 1-39.
- Laycock, Henry. (2005) 'Mass nouns, Count nouns and Non-count nouns' Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Oxford: Elsevier.
- Laycock, Henry. (2006) Words without Objects. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- Merrifield, William (1959). Classification of Kiowa nouns. International Journal of American Linguistics, 25, 269-271.
- Mithun, Marianne (1999). The languages of native North America (pp. 81-82, 444-445). Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-23228-7.
- Sprott, Robert (1992). Jemez syntax. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Chicago, USA).
- Sten, Holgar (1949) Le nombre grammatical. (Travaux du Cercle Linguistique de Copenhague, 4.) Copenhagen: Munksgaard.
- Watkins, Laurel J.; & McKenzie, Parker. (1984). A grammar of Kiowa. Studies in the anthropology of North American Indians. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-4727-3.
- Weigel, William F. (1993). Morphosyn
Definition: A noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea.
Possessive Nouns
Concrete nouns name people, places, or things that you can touch, see, hear, smell, or taste.
| Person | Place | Thing |
|---|---|---|
| man | river | dog |
| Mrs. Jones | Paris | book |
| doctor | mountains | sports car |
| Maddie | home | Ferrari |
Collective Nouns
Abstract nouns name ideas, concepts, or emotions. These nouns are intangible, which means you cannot touch, see, hear, smell, or taste them using your five senses.
| Idea | Emotion |
|---|---|
| love | happiness |
| intelligence | anger |
| justice | excitement |
| religion | fear |
| time | surprise |
- Hint:
- Remember, pronouns are not nouns.